The ELK River crude MCHM chemical spill

In January 2014, approximately 10,000 gallons of chemical compounds used to process coal spilled from a garage tank into the Elk River in West Virginia. The Elk River is a municipal water source which serves about 300,000 people within the Charleston area.The Elk River chemical spill occurred on January 9, 2014 whilst crude 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM) was launched from a Freedom Industries facility into the Elk River, a tributary of the Kanawha River, in Charleston inside the U.S. country of West Virginia.

                             

                                 

                                    Figure 1 Location of river and chemical source industry.

Crude MCHM is a chemical foam used to clean coal and clear impurities that make pollution all through combustion. The "do-not-use" advisory for drinking water from West Virginia American Water's  began to be regularly lifted with the aid of West Virginia kingdom officers on January 13 based upon "priority zones."

                                                     

                                            Figure 2  The MCHM which polluted the river.

On Tuesday, January 14, the industry found out that the tank, which leaked about 7,500 gallons into the floor with the aby of the Elk River, had additionally contained a mixture of glycol ethers referred to as PPH, with a similar characteristic as MCHM. The chemical spill became the 3rd chemical accident to occur inside the Kanawha River Valley within the latest 5 years. On June 12, 2014 another spill of containment water befell at the same site. The spill began on Thursday, January 9, 2014 when as much as 7,500 US gallons (28,000 litres; 6,2 hundred imperial gallons) of crude MCHM leaked from a one-inch hollow in the bottom of a chrome steel storage tank able to protecting 40,000 US gallons (150,000 litres; 33,000 imperial gallons) and its containment area at Freedom Industries' Charleston facility.The MCHM leaked from the containment location and into the ground, via which it traveled into the Elk River.The chemical spill passed off 1 mile (1.6 km) upstream from West Virginia American Water's uncooked water consumption at its Kanawha Valley Water Treatment Plant.The Elk River measured approximately 7 feet (2.1 m) extensive at the time of the spill.

                                   

                                      Figure 3 This how leak the chemical from factory.

Residents had been advised not to drink, cook dinner with, bathe, or wash with West Virginia American Water river water; up to 300,000 citizens have been affected. The place affected spanned nine counties in the Charleston, West Virginia metropolitan place.he regions affected including Boone, Clay, Jackson, Kanawha, Lincoln, Logan, Putnam, and Roane counties and within the Culloden vicinity of CabellThe majority of Cabell County became unaffected as its public water system makes use of water from the Ohio River, and some citizens in Saint Albans in Kanawha County, Lincoln County and Hurricane in Putnam county have been not tormented by the water ban as they were served by nearby public water systems.

                                  

                              Figure 4 Nine countries that effected by Elk River chemical spill.

The spill was noticed round mid morning on January 9 by few Charleston location residents when  they began to notice a "candy smell"(like Licorice) within the air.DEP started out receiving more notice from Charleston citizens at 8:15am.According to Freedom Industries, two personnel noticed leakage from the tank into the containment location around 10:30 a.m. On January 9.According to the company's president, Gary Southern, workers started cleanup immediately by hauling away the remaining MCHM within the storage tank and vacuuming the spilled MCHM from the floor nearby.

Figure 5 The Charleston location resident beside Elk River.

However, the DEP, whose inspectors discovered the leak at 11:10 a.M. In response to residents' complaints approximately the odor,contradicted Southern's claim. When the department's inspectors arrived on the facility, they determined the MCHM leaking through a concrete block containment dike and  cleanup or containment measures underway.Inspectors located a 4-foot (1.2 m) extensive circulation of chemical liquid flowing across the ground of the containment dike and into the ground in which the dike's wall joined with its floor. According to DEP inspectors, they determined a pool of clean liquid measuring about 400 square feet (37 m2) in size outside of the broken white stainless steel tank, Number 396. DEP inspectors also stated that Freedom Industries' employees had set up one cinder block and a 50 pounds (23 kg) bag of protection absorbent powder to stop the flow of stream of leaking chemical.

                                 

                                  Figure 6 Damaged white stainless steel tank, Number 396.

DEP air quality inspector Mike Kolb described the scene as "a Band-Aid approach" and said further hat it was "apparent that this was not an event that had just happened." The DEP and the Kanawha County Fire Department had been capable of locate the beginning of the leak by way of tracing the smell.At the time of the leak's discovery by the inspectors, the broken storage tank contained about 30,000 US gallons (110,000 litres; 25,000 imperial gallons) of MCHM.

                                   

                 Figure 7  The DEP and the Kanawha County Fire Department inspect the water.

West Virginia American Water become aware of the chemical spill at noon, but assumed that they may filter out it. By 4pm., while its carbon filtration machine could no longer deal with the massive quantity of contamination in the water and the chemical began flowing thru the carbon filter out, they decided to report the problem. This they did at 5:09 p.m. West Virginia American Water concluded that its tap water became unsafe for use and advised its customers to cease the use of its tap water at 5:45 p.m. Freedom Industries failed to touch West Virginia American Water following the spill, and West Virginia American Water became rather notified by DEP. Freedom Industries refused media inquiries following the spill.[The company's president, Gary Southern gave a ten-minute news conference the subsequent evening, January 10.

Figure 8 Freedom Industries not ready to answer the public and media about the failure.

The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources stated that 122 humans had sought remedy by means of January 11 for signs which include nausea and vomiting.Of the ones 122 humans, 4 people beings were admitted to the Charleston Area Medical Center and  at another area hospital for remark with signs of nausea. On January 12, the range of patients handled at hospitals for their signs and symptoms from chemical publicity grew to approximately 169. By that night of January 10, almost 700 residents had contacted West Virginia's poison control center, reporting range of symptoms which includes nausea and rashes. On January 13, the overall range of citizens who have been hospitalized had risen to 10, and by means of January 14, the entire reached 14, despite the fact that none had been in serious condition.By 1 p.m. On January 10, the sweet-smelling was not detectable, in West Virginia National Guard Adjutant, Major General James Hoyer. On January eleven, the leader of DEP's Homeland Security and Emergency Response division, Mike Dorsey, stated that 7,500 US gallons (28,000 litres; 6,200 imperial gallons) of MCHM had spilled into the river, 2,500 US gallons (9,500 litres; 2,100 imperial gallons) more than had formerly been estimated.

Figure 9 People waiting to get their treatment from hospital.

The "do-not-use" advisory on drinking water from the West Virginia American Water process began to be lifted through West Virginia state officers on January 13, five days after it have been positioned into impact following the January nine detection of the chemical spill.The lifting of the ban began with hospital facilities and prolonged zone by zone within West Virginia American Water system.Following the gradual end to the "do-not-use" advisory, affected Charleston place residents had been instructed to flush water from their pipes, hot water tanks, and the icemakers of their refrigerators.West Virginia American Water started lifting the "do-not-use" ban in downtown Charleston, and would begin phasing in use of the device's drinking water based upon "priority zonesBy the evening of January 13, 15 percent of West Virginia American Water's clients were accredited to start using the consuming water. 

                                 

                                          Figure 10 Do not drink label applied everywhere.

On January 13, a Kanawha County Circuit Court judge issued a transient restraining order to maintain evidence on the Freedom Industries' Charleston facility. The order additionally prohibited the company from modifying in any manner "any structure, tank, equipment, materials or condition of" its facility, except as necessary and easy up the chemical spill.

                                            

                  Figure 11  Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia following the tap water ban.

As a result of West Virginia American Water's notice that the tap water was unsafe following the spill, Charleston area businesses closed and hospitals took emergency measures to conserve water. School systems within the affected eight counties were also closed Charleston area residents hurried to nearby stores to stock up on available bottled and packaged water. The West Virginia Legislature, which had reconvened following its winter break, cancelled its business on January 9. On January 9, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia in Charleston and the courts in Boone and Lincoln counties closed. West Virginia State University in Institute also cancelled its classes for the duration of the tap water outage.Because of the lack of potable water, Charleston cancelled a convention of mayors and city council members from around the state of West Virginia, which had been scheduled to begin on January 13.

                               

                                             Figure 12 cleaning and Testing Process

On January 21, Freedom Industries notified West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection that a second chemical, polyglycol ethers (PPH), was in the leaking tank with the MCHM. The department said that the failure to report accurately the type of materials and the quantities is a violation of state law.A one-year incident timeline can be found published in the Supporting Information section of a 2014 research paper.A case study of the incident can be found published here.This report only includes information that was publicly available as of March 2016. This report does not include the findings and information released by the US Chemical Hazard and Safety Board, US National Toxicology Program, and other academic studies. Information disclosed as part of these studies indicated more than 100 mg/L of 4-MCHM was present in the Elk River, levels greater than 3.773 ppm 4-MCHM were present in the water treatment plant, among other information.

The president of West Virginia American Water stated that his company was not aware of a treatment to remove the chemical from its system.Because of this, West Virginia American Water began flushing miles of lines within its Charleston area water system, although as of January 11, there was no timetable as to when its system would be safe for area residents to use.West Virginia American Water's engineers began adding additional carbon and other chemicals to speed the treatment process and move the contaminated water out of its water distribution system.Michael Dorsey, Chief of the DEP's Homeland Security and Emergency Response division stated that tests conducted on water samples taken on the night of January 9–10 showed the concentration of MCHM had decreased from 2 parts per million to 1.7 parts per million.That finding remained above the 1 part per million recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as "acceptable."The West Virginia National Guard continued to test the water every hour and its teams worked overnight between January 9 and 10 to perform tests and report results on both inflow and outflow samples of the Elk River's water.Each test took approximately 46 minutes. Tests conducted over the weekend of January 11–12 at four locations indicated a safe amount below 1 part per million of the chemical.Despite this, officials continued testing throughout the water system's distribution area into January 13 before ending the system-wide "no use" advisory.

The chemical's manufacturer, Eastman Chemical Company, maintains that when MCHM is diluted, the compound does not have adverse effects on the aquatic environment. No fish kills were reported following the spill and there was no apparent effect on aquatic life, according to West Virginia state officials.As of 2008, the Elk River serves as the sole remaining habitat for the diamond darter (Crystallaria cincotta). On July 26, 2013, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service formally designated the diamond darter as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.The potential risk of the chemical spill to the diamond darter has not been reported

 Figure 13 Former president of Freedom Industry Gary Southern.

The former president of the company that owned the tank, Freedom Industries, faces federal charges of fraud and lying under oath in connection with the incident. Freedom Industries went bankrupt shortly after the spill, and the tanks were dismantled. Since the spill, the local water utility has installed new treatment and chemical monitoring equipment.

Based on my opinion as prevention The Elk River chemical spill response and recovery also underscored the need for rapid and standard tests that can identify breakdown and transformation products as contaminated water passes through water treatment plants. Also needed are methods to predict if contaminants are preferentially sequestered as water passes through water treatment processes (i.e., oxidation, activated carbon) and infrastructure (i.e., pipe/coatings).

The incident revealed that the actions needed to safely decontaminate premise plumbing are poorly understood. A stepwise decontamination process has been described elsewhere1 but additional work is needed to address knowledge-gaps. It is recommended that flushing and other infrastructure decontamination protocols be thoroughly tested and air monitoring should be conducted in conjunction with water sampling before the public is told to flush their premise plumbing. If responders do not fully understand the contaminants present in the contaminated water, health officials cannot issue guidance to best protect the population from harm. If chemical testing is not thoroughly conducted during the early stages of the incident, this lack of data will affect all downstream public health decisions possibly extending the recovery period, resulting in lost public confidence, spread of contamination, and causing the population to experience adverse health impacts.

Bhopal Gas Disaster

The Bhopal tregedy or Bhopal gas disaster become an business accident. It took place at a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, India. On the night time of 2-3 December 1984, the plant released approximately 40 tonnes of poisonous toxic  isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing more than 500,000 humans to poisonous gases.

Figure 1

A combination of toxic gases flooded the city, causing superb panic as humans awoke with a burning sensation in their lungs. Thousands died immediately from the outcomes of the gas. Many have been trampled inside the panic that followed. The first official immediate death toll turned into 3,598 in 1989. Another estimate is that 8,000 died within weeks, that a further 8,000 have because died from gas-associated diseases

      

  Figure 2 The bodies founded due to this tragedy.

The Bhopal disaster is frequently noted because the worst industrial disaster.The International Medical Commission on Bhopal turned  set up in 1993 to respond to the long term health consequences of the disaster. The owner of the factory, UCIL, was majority owned by  UCC, with Indian Government-controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1989, UCC paid $470 million ($929 million in 2017 dollars) to settle litigation stemming from the disaster. In 1994, UCC sold its stake in UCIL to EverReady Industries India Limited (EIIL), which eventually merged with McLeod Russel (India) Ltd. Eveready ended clean-up on the website in 1998, when it terminated its 99-year lease and became over control of the site to the state goverment of Madhya Pradesh. Dow Chemical Company purchased UCC in 2001, seventeen years after the disaster.

Figure 3 UCIL Plant after the tragedy

Civil and criminal cases have been filed within the District Court of Bhopal, India, involved UCC and Warren Anderson, UCC CEO on the time of the disaster. In June 2010, seven former employees, along with the previous UCIL chairman, were convicted in Bhopal of causing death by negligence and sentenced to two years imprisonment and a fine about $2,000 each, the most punishment allowed by using Indian law. An 8th former employee was also convicted, but died earlier than the judgement was passed. Anderson died on 29 September 2014.

                             Figure 4 Warren Anderson CEO of Factory against by public

The plant in Bhopal in which the disaster started out to produce 'Carbaryl' in 1977. Carbaryl is especially used as an insecticide. At first, the manufacturing changed into 2,500 tonnes per year. There was no problem, because the plant have been designed for an output of 5,000 tonnes. At the beginning of the 1980's, Carbaryl did not sell very well. For this reason, the holders of the plantt reduce the costs. This included employing  fewer people, doing maintenance much less regularly and using components that from lower-grade steel. Closing the plant was being considered as well. When the disaster occured, there has been no production on the plant due to the fact there was a surplus amount of material on the market.

 Figure 5 the chemical of CARBARYL

There is similar theory related to this which says that the owner of the Union Carbide Company (UCC) did this on motive to just challenge the government to punish him. However, as all of us know, he had escaped long ago the using of the corruption in the Indian government at that time to his advantage. The disaster occurred due to the fact water entered a tank containing Methyl isocyanate. This caused a chemical response which resulted within the buildup of tons Carbon dioxide, amongst other things. The resulting  response increase the temperature in the tank to reach over 200 °C (392 °F). The preassure became more than the tank become build to withstand. The tank had valves to control the preassure. These had been triggered an emergency, which reduced the preassure. As a result, huge quantities of toxic gases have been released into the environment. The pipes have been rusty. The rust within the iron pipes made the reaction faster. All the contents of the tank were released within 2 hours. The water had entered the tank because of a sequence of events. The tank have been maintained badly. When cleansing work was done, water entered the tank.

There are another kind theories how water may enter the tank. At the time, workers had been cleansing pipes with water. Some declare that due to bad maintance and leaking valves, inferior components have been used inside the making of machines and also low maintance of the machines made it possible for the water to leak into tank 610. In December 1985 the New York Times said that according to the plant managers the hypothesis of this route of entry of water become tested within the presence of professional investigators and changed into found to be negative.UCC additionally keeps that this route was now not viable, and that it was  sabotage by a "disgruntled worker" who brought water directly into the tank. 

 Figure 8 The process of how the toxic case released

The 1985 reports deliver a picture of what caused the disater and the way it developed. The reported differ in details, however.

Factors leading to this massive gas leak include:

-The use of hazardous chemical  (MIC) rather than less dangerous ones

-Storing these chemicals in large tanks in place of over 200 metallic drums.

-Possible corroding fabric in pipelines

-Poor maintance after the plant ceased production within the early 1980s

-Failure of several safety systems (due to poor protection and regulations).

-Safety structures shut down to save money - such as the MIC tank refrigeration system which  could have prevented the tragedy.

-Plant design adjustments by means of Indian engineers to abide by government regulations and financial pressures to reduce expenses.

-The problem changed into then made worse through the plant's region near a densely populated area, non-existent catastrophe plans and shortcomings in health care and socio-economic rehabilitation. Analysis suggests that the parties chargeable for the responsible of the disaster are the two owners, Union Carbide Corporation and the Government of India, and to a few extent, the Government of Madhya Pradesh

Between 3,500 and 25,000 people died due to touch with the cloud of poisonous gas. Up to 500,000 people were injured. Many of the injuries are permanent. Some of the chemicals caused birth defects. The numbers vary so vastly because there aren't any actual figures about how many human beings lived in the neighborhood of the plant. About 100.000 humans were living in a radius of one km across the plant where the disaster happened.

Figure 9 Between 3,500 and 25,000 people died due to to this disaster

Figure 10 Many of the injuries are permanent

Figure 12 Some of the chemicals caused birth defects

Based on my opinion prevention is always important to stop this kind of tragedy. While natural  disasters are largely unpredictable, environmental disasters are caused directly or not directly by human behavior. Chemical disasters, just like the one in Bhopal, are preventable if risks are diagnosed and addressed early on.

It will take the combined attempt of equipped authorities, private sector and society to prevent you tragedy from happening. Some measures include: Developing policies to make sure that industries operate according with technical and safety requirements and allocating sources for risk assessment and monitoring. Most of all, it’s critical to stick to environmental norms. Taking environmental protection and public health risks seriously, and promoting do-no-harm industrial development can make a large changes.

There is a clear need to promote clean developmental that inventively  address potential negative affects at the environment. To prevent future environmental disasters, all sectors could also do more to combine environmental emergency preparedness and response activities into strategies and sustainable development programs. These measures could to make a large changes in people’s health and well-being, and avoid destiny tragedies.

Figure 13 Safety and risk management maintenance always important  

Pollution caused by leftover toxic waste from Sungai Kim Kim

Tons of toxic substances had been illegally dumped into the Kim Kim river in Pasir Gudang, Malaysia in March 2019. Local dwellers including children had been severely affected and admitted

                                                 Figure 1 The location of river polluted

According to media news reported, toxic fumes from chemical pollution on Sungai Kim Kim has closed two schools and send more than 200 humans to hospital. The river is just north of Pulau Ubin.

                                               Figure 2 The location of  School Effected

The incident started out on 7 March 2019 after several college students and canteen workers from two schools near the river started to fall unwell and complaining of breathing difficulties. Both faculties were ordered to shut down and all of the victims had been sent  to Sultan Ismail Hospital even as investigations being accomplished by state health authorities over the cause.Twenty-one humans are warded at the hospital with a few being admitted into the emergency unit and intensive care unit (ICU).Some of the students added at the clinic had been already fainted and with symptoms consisting of vomiting while people who were not severely affected were given outpatient treatment and allowed to go back home. 

Figure 3 Fainted  students admitted and getting treatment 

 Figure 4 Fainted students admitted and getting treatment 

While recovering, a number their reports of being sick after inhaling unpleasant and bad  odour in their school compound environment. The number of victims hospitalized over the poisonous fumes rose to 76 with the aid of tomorrow and on nine March, five police reviews have been made on the issue with police started out to investigating the case.

                                                

   Figure 5 Police and Investigators collecting samples for further investigation

On eleven March, the second wave of air poisoning took effect with in addition 106–207 victims been hospitalized earlier than escalating into extra than 1,000 victims with 8 admitted into the ICU. The spread of the poisonous fumes is useful resource by using hot weather blended with robust wind that make more humans to become sick. The Malaysian Fire and Rescue Department Genaral Director Mohammad Hamdan Wahid explained that the further spread of toxic fumes won't have re-emerged if the illegally dumped chemical compounds determined early were right away eliminated for the reason that the government did not dispose the chemical substances after concluding it's far no longer reactive, allegedly due to the costs involved..

 Figure 6 second wave pollution test investigation 

Until 19 March, further seventy six police reviews have been made.On 20 June, some of students from schools within the Pasir Gudang area commenced complaining of nausea, dizziness and skilled vomiting which finally brought about the transient closure of the schools in the area. The government later confirmed it as the 1/3 wave of air poisoning resulted from the river pollution which aren't completely cleared.

                 Figure 7 The Daing and Kopok Rivers have become black and oily (left polluted picture)

      

In August, public in Acheh's Well Village who living close to the Daing and Kopok rivers that is a tributaries to the Kim Kim River complaining that the waters in both rivers have  become black and oily with unbearable foul stench which are believed to have spread from the chemical pollution of the Kim Kim River. A resident interviewed on the issue stated the rivers turned into once domestic to various crabs, freshwater fish and shrimps with children used to swim in the waters however the whole thing has been damaged for the reason that pollution turned worse in April.

                                                         

Figure 8 The three different wave of pollution

Through investigation, a lorry tanker is believed t to have dumped chemical waste into Kim Kim River in early morning earlier than the sufferers fallen ill. Agencies dispatched for the cleaning-up operation of the polluted river gathered 2.forty three tonnes of chemical waste at the day the incident become reported. The cleaning works however worsens the chemical reaction as the contractor engaged turned into no longer experienced in managing chemical waste.A Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) team from the 12th Squad of the Royal Army Engineers Regiment of Malaysian Armed Forces were later dispatched  to assist inside the chemical cleansing efforts collectively with Hazmat crew.

Figure 9 The owner of chemical Factory 

Figure 10 Driver and worker of lorry tanker who dumped chemical waste into Kim Kim River 

The Johor Department of Environment (DOE) arrest an owner of a chemical factory in Kulai on 10 March followed by another arrests concerning shredded waste factory owner and one among its worker in Taman Pasir Puteh in the following day after a series of investigations. With the arrest suspect, the DOE completed its research papers a good way to be despatched to the general public prosecutor for further motion with the investigators also have diagnosed the illegally dumped chemical as marine oil that emitted flammable methane and benzene fumes with the oil is a scheduled waste and needs proper disposal due to its unsafe nature.

On 17 March, further nine people have been arrested by means of police in connection to the case; arrested in Johor Bahru even as seven have been arrested outdoor Johor Bahru area.Two key suspects who're believed to be instrumental in arranging for the transportation of the poisonous substances were arrested on 19 March, bringing the entire to eleven with one suspect later launched beneath bail after he is proven no longer related to the case. The cleansing operation of the 1.5 kilometer stretch of the affected river was finished within the equal day with a total of 900 tonnes of soil and 1,500 tonnes of polluted water had been cleaned.

Several other recognized poisonous gases had been emitted following the interactio of the chemical substances concerned with water and air include acrolein, acrylonitrile, ethylbenzene, hydrogen chloride, D-limonene, toluene and xylene which if inhaled, can reason headache, nausea, fainting and respiratory difficulty. Two essential suspects comprising a Singaporean and a Malaysian have been charged at the Sessions Court in Johor on 25 March for disposing chemical substances illegally into the river and their company, P Tech Resources was slapped with 15 charges to which they plead no longer guilty. Both were charged earlier in the equal courtroom for conspiring with a lorry driving force to cast off scheduled wastes into the river.

          

 Figure 11 The wasted source of Chemicals 

There are many affects of this poisonous pollution whether inside the environment, health, and also in socio-economical. In environmental influences, it is able to be categorised into two affects which might be visible effect and ability impacts. Air pollution, biodiversity loss, soil contamination,groundwater pollution or depletion  and floor water pollution via reducing water best additionally affected the aquatic ecosystem inside the river are referred to as seen influences. The capacity effect is meals insecurity that's crop damage. The farmers ingesting this water as their source of water and this reasons the humans who fed on it's going to bring food poisoning. Secondly is health influences. The seen ones are publicity to unknown or unsure complex risks by way of radiation, inhalation and many more whilst the potential one is inflicting death. As I cited earlier, the chemicals that motive acute poisoning to convey the signs and symptoms of headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting because uncovered through inhalation of the poisonous fumes. One of the sources, announcing that the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Deputy President Mr. Mah Hang Soon knowledgeable that the incompetent preventive measures escalated hazard levels in the concerned area. In July, a boy is said to evolved Parkinson's-like sickness of myokymia after being exposed to the pollution, although this was denied by Malaysia's Deputy Health Minister Lee Boon Chye said that the boy had already born untimely and had a history of fits considering that he was four. And last now not least is the visible impacts of socio-economical impact is displacement, lack of livelihood, violations of human rights, and loss of landscape or experience of area. The population of Pasir Gudang is roughly estimated with the aid of about 300,000 humans. Due to the pollution and uncertainty about the feasible health effects, many households have moved away to a much location to shield themselves from the poisonous chemical substances.

    Figure 12 Cleaning process as per Environment Minister Yeo Bee Yin  suggested and ordered.

Third, Malaysia's Environment Minister Yeo Bee Yin focused  that investigation will convey out those responsible to justice and defined the RM6.4 million is particularly used to clearing the 1.five kilometer stretch of the affected river with the further price is anticipated to balloon to over RM10 million. The state government also brushed off claims that its organizations were gradual to react over the incident with the State Health Department had in advance warns the general public over fake circulating news on deaths resulted from the pollutants. On 1 June, Malaysia's Health Ministry formed a medical team to study a complete of 6,000 victims tormented by the pollutants with the group together with officers from the Institute for Medical Research and Johore Health Department. Fourth, Malaysia's Water, Land, and Natural Resources Minister Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam urged every state governments to take measures to overcome river pollution critically as weather change could result in the united states of america experiencing long intervals of drought in the destiny with the ministry also will drafting Water Resources Bill to clamp down on water pollution. 

After each safety measure is taken, the river became cleaner and safer each day and the effects are reduced to the environment and to civilians. 

                                                            

Figure 13 Malaysia's Environment Minister Yeo Bee Yin conforming that the river completely cleaned and environmentally safe

Prevention The cleaning operation of the 1.5 kilometer stretch of the affected river was completed on the same day with a total of 900 tonnes of soil and 1,500 tonnes of polluted water were cleaned.From my point on prevention is the management of the particular area has to maintain the river and also the surrounding in good condition frequently by having good supervision of the supervisor. There must not have a casual approach to the areas since that place surrounding by hundred of schools and residential area. the first wave of pollution might be a sudden tragedy which they never expect but after the fist wave they should be more careful so that they can prevent from second wave of pollution. they should double an triple confirm about the cleanliness of the river. If maintenance required part of the river  is awaited than the line should be stopped rather than working with a casual approach especially the school. they shouldn't open the school immediately. the second and third wave of pollution happened at different place which cause by the same river. so they should check the whole flow of the river to prevent the continuous tragedy rather than checking the same exact location of river again and again. The safety measures can be taken in chemical companies but the government should increase awareness in public to be more careful and avoid eating the aquatic life at least minimum for 9 month .We have the attitude to take protection very lightly or as a topic of negligence in each case so we ought to exchange the mind-set of the people. This have to begin from faculty with small matters to inculcate safety awareness from formative years so the small steps that learned because primary will help whilst they started out operating in a organization that the use of chemicals. in view that they knew the precautions they'll avoid the matters that make the business enterprise in danger. this may make the organization a safer vicinity for the organization and the employees cause to gain agree with from the public. Plus, the authorities has to put in force the laws in order that they industries may be scared and observe the rules and regulations set up through acts together with in FMA and OSHA and plenty of more. The punishment ought to be elevating in fines and positioned accused at the back of the bars.